The exam consists of 200 multiple choice questions written against the PMBOK specification and the PMP Code of Ethics. The exam is closed book; no reference materials are allowed. Twenty-five of the 200 questions on the exam are “sample” questions want to fine-tune the degree of difficulty and precision of the exam and per se are not counted for or against a test taker. These questions are placed randomly throughout the exam. The test taker is barely graded on their proficiency on 175 questions. The numbers in parentheses describe the share of questions for every domain.

Announced in June 2019, the PMP Examination Content Outline will undergo significant re-categorization, effective January 2021, which prescribe 3 all new performance domains:

People (42%)
Process (50%)
Business Environment (8%)

Each exam item (a question with its possible answers) has a minimum of two references to plain books or other sources of project management. Most of the questions reference the PMI A Guide to the Project Management Body of data (aka the PMBOK Guide). The PMBOK Guide is currently (2018) in its sixth edition, and also the PMP exam changed in March 2018 to align with the updated guide.

The Project Management Framework embodies a project life cycle and five major project management Process Groups:

Initiating
Planning
Executing
Monitoring and Controlling
Closing encompassing a complete of 49 processes.

Mapped to those five process groups are ten project management Knowledge Areas:

Project Integration Management
Project Scope Management
Project Schedule Management
Project Cost Management
Project Quality Management
Project Resource Management
Project Communications Management
Project Risk Management
Project Procurement Management
Project Stakeholder Management

The processes of those knowledge areas are described by their inputs, tools and techniques, and outputs. The PMBOK also emphasizes the interaction and interdependence between different process groups. as an example, the outputs from one process is also utilized by one or more other processes as inputs.

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What is Data Science?

Data Science is a multidisciplinary field that uses scientific inference and mathematical algorithms to extract meaningful knowledge and insights from a large amount of structured and unstructured data. These algorithms are implemented via computer programs which are usually run on powerful hardware since it requires a significant amount of processing. Data Science is a combination of statistical mathematics,  machine learning, data analysis and visualization, domain knowledge and computer science.

As it is apparent from the name, the most important component of Data Science is “Data” itself. No amount of algorithmic computation can draw meaningful insights from improper data. Data science involves various types of data, for example, image data, text data, video data, time-dependent data, etc.

History of Data Science

The term “Data Science” has been mentioned in various contexts the past thirty years, but it is only recently that it became internationally established and recognized. More recently, the term became a buzzword when Harvard Business Review called it “The Sexiest Job of the 21st Century” in 2012.

Origin of the Concept

Though it is unclear when and where the concept was originally developed, William S. Cleveland coined the term “Data Science” in 2001. Shortly thereafter, in April 2002 and January 2003, the publications of the “CODATA Data Science Journal” by the International Council for Science: Committee on Data for Science and Technology and the “Journal of Data Science” by Columbia University, respectively kickstarted the journey of Data Science.

Additionally, It was also around this time when the “dot-com” bubble was in full swing, which led to the widespread adoption of the internet and in turn, generation of a huge amount of data. This, in addition to the advancement in technology, which led to faster and cheaper computation, together was responsible for the launch of the concept of “Data Science” to the world.

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Increased penetration of internet and smartphones, factors such as convenience, increased reach and personalized content offered by online education providers have led to the growth and expansion of the online education market to tier 2 and tier 3 cities as well. Online education modules today allow distant learners to join in virtual lectures, pose questions to professors, chat with fellow students and take virtual exams. Most of the programs are career-focused helping students to chalk a career path and set goals.

Trends likely to dominate Online Education

The emergence of Cloud Computing: According to Technavio analysts, the emergence of cloud computing will be one of the major trends in online teaching that we will witness in India. The cloud computing technology enables online education providers to save a significant amount of content and data on a single platform, thus making it easier for users and providers to process, obtain, access, and manage information from anywhere at any time.

Focus on future-ready career skills: As the world is changing at a rapid pace, the online educational institutions are trying to keep a balance between learning and skills required by enterprises and industry. They are offering new online courses which help students become well equipped for the jobs of tomorrow. Trends in online education point to a future in 2021, wherein we are likely to witness the launch of more such courses and career programs.

Among other online trends, we see that many digital-only institutions are offering online degrees in specialized areas such as AI, IoT, business management, data science, digital marketing and many more. These courses have been designed to equip the students with skills that are likely to dominate in the years to come

Gamified learning: Training delivery vendors are diversifying the trends in online learning stylistically. Speaking of which, gamification is likely to catch up as it makes the learning process more interesting and effective. Game learning techniques ensure a higher level of involvement and interaction from students, offer them the opportunity to experiment and introduce new technological innovations.

The modern business environment is becoming more and more complex every day. With the help of game techniques, it is easier to explain complex business concepts. During the interactive sessions, participants make decisions, develop strategies, immediately observing their influence on the financial position of the company.

Project-Based Learning: Project-based learning, allows students to demonstrate skills by developing apps, products etc. Many a time, it requires constant instructor feedback and multiple attempts if a student fails to meet the criteria.  Project-based education is the foundation of the curriculum of some online educational institutions. Students create several projects over 6-12 months and receive regular feedback to earn a degree. This form of compulsive project-based assessments will enrich subjective acumen for students changing the face of online education in India.

Blended E-learning Programs: Blended learning – online courses with offline touchpoints, is increasingly gaining popularity amongst individuals and organizations looking to upskill their employees. E-learning providers have witnessed a 25-30% jump in companies opting for the blended model over 100% e-learning courses. The model facilitates discussions and collaborative learning offers flexibility to learners who have a better completion rate.

Increase in interest in AR and VR: Though AR and VR are yet to reach their full potential in online learning, these technologies are expected to have a significant impact on online education in India in the coming years. Engagement, that has been one of the weakest aspects in many e-learning platforms, can be increased using these technologies. The use of AR and VR in online learning platforms has shown a significant increase in engagement and improved results.

Adapting existing content: The earliest Edtech ventures were quick to suggest in their pilot phases, as part of online learning trends, not all students develop a liking towards digital learning. Each of us have varying levels of grasping capacities, therefore, it is only natural that some would reject the current form and shape of Edtech. Likewise, of those who are getting used to online education, the majority is concerned with information that is “relevant” to them. In short, they don’t wish for a textbook-like experience.

Trends of online education suggest, institutions should review their existing study material, in terms of how useful, relevant and detailed the information is. They must be prepared for constant changes as well as for the introduction of new programs.

Collaborative Learning: Online education in India is being modernized with rising interest in digital modes of delivery.  While online learning will expand in the internet-matrix the effectiveness of it has to be demonstrated. A gnawing concern remains to keep isolated, remote students engaged with trainers. Collaborative learning has been proposed as a solution. As the term suggests, the methodology is designed to cultivate collaboration and experiential learning. Following the tenet, humans are social animals and learn faster with experience, the class is fragmented into groups. Each group is then given a task to fulfil, accomplishing which they can progress to the next chapter.

Metered Learning: Each of us have unique learning speeds. Now that conventional styles of teaching are taking the backseat it is plausible faculty-to-student time will increase if not the ratio. This can be done with the help of Artificial Intelligence machine learning. In fact, the collective exercise is referred to as Adaptive Learning, where students consume content on smart devices. The device/applications register and share the learning progress with the faculty along with recommendations on how to customize the curriculum for faster absorption. Given the deficit of time for attending each students, teachers can nevertheless bring students on the same page via different learning routes.

Blockchain-led-Education: Emerging trends in online education suggest an increasing proliferation of Blockchain in EdTech. Blockchain has been promoted from theory to practice with realistic applications, especially, in the Edtech Industry. Online education trends indicate that Blockchain’s immutability can be leveraged to archive student records, while at the same time practitioners can be incentivized for learning by distributing tokens, scholarships etc.

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Description: Major areas covered in cyber security are:

1) Application Security

2) Information Security

3) Disaster recovery

4) Network Security

Application security encompasses measures or counter-measures that are taken during the development life-cycle to protect applications from threats that can come through flaws in the application design, development, deployment, upgrade or maintenance. Some basic techniques used for application security are: a) Input parameter validation, b) User/Role Authentication & Authorization, c) Session management, parameter manipulation & exception management, and d) Auditing and logging.

Information security protects information from unauthorized access to avoid identity theft and to protect privacy. Major techniques used to cover this are: a) Identification, authentication & authorization of user, b) Cryptography.

Disaster recovery planning is a process that includes performing risk assessment, establishing priorities, developing recovery strategies in case of a disaster. Any business should have a concrete plan for disaster recovery to resume normal business operations as quickly as possible after a disaster.

Network security includes activities to protect the usability, reliability, integrity and safety of the network. Effective network security targets a variety of threats and stops them from entering or spreading on the network. Network security components include: a) Anti-virus and anti-spyware, b) Firewall, to block unauthorized access to your network, c) Intrusion prevention systems (IPS), to identify fast-spreading threats, such as zero-day or zero-hour attacks, and d) Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), to provide secure remote access.

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